America's Apartheid

Amendment I  Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances   

 "Our"  Statue of Liberty 1619-2010...Nearly 400 Years                                                         

   the President and the Preacher...Separating Church & State?  - - - Tax Exemptions vs. Church Political Activity   -  By not taxing churches, the government is prevented from directly interfering with how those churches operate. By the same token, those churches are also prevented from directly interfering with how the government operates in that they cannot endorse any political candidates, they cannot campaign on behalf of any candidates, and they cannot attack any political candidate such that the effectively endorse that person’s opponent.

. What this means is that charitable and religious organizations which receive a 501(c)(3) tax exemption have a clear and simple choice to make: they can engage in religious activities and retain their exemption, or they can engage in political activity and lose it, but they cannot engage in political activity and retain their exemption.  

What sorts of things are churches and other religious organizations allowed to do? They can invite political candidates to speak so long as they don’t explicitly endorse them. They can speak out about a wide variety of political and moral issues, including very controversial matters like abortion and euthanasia, war and peace, poverty and civil rights.

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     Malcolm X  (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz.  was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence.  He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X   

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fu_FVNzZmBY&feature=related

This is the original "Chinese proverb" from the streetcar advertisement. The quotation has wrongly been translated as: A Picture Is Worth One Thousand Words. In fact, the literal translation is:  A Picture's Meaning Can Express Ten Thousand Words.  http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/writings/letters.html 

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  What Willie Lynch had to say in 1712 :   The following has been credited to William Lynch, a White slave owner, who reportedly made the speech on the banks of the James River in 1712. It was quoted at length by Minister Louis Farrakhan at the Million Man March where it stunned many in the audience because of the cold-blooded way it described how the minds of African-Americans could be enslaved. According to an essay appearing in "Brother Man- The Odyssey of Black Men in America- An Anthology" Lynch was a British slave owner in the West Indies who came to the United States to tell American slave owners how to keep their slaves under control. The term "lynching" is derived from Lynch's last name. 

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    In John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence, the five-man drafting committee is presenting its work to the Continental Congress. Jefferson is the tall figure in the center laying the Declaration on the desk.In Congress, July 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America: When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,

  George Washington  (22 February 1732 - 14 December 1799) Birthplace Westmoreland County, Virginia…Best known as The first President of the United States:  George Washington is called "the father of his country" for his crucial role in fighting for, creating and leading the United States of America in its earliest days. Washington was a surveyor, farmer and soldier who rose to command the Colonial forces in the Revolutionary War. He held the ragtag Continental Army together -- most famously during a frigid encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania during the winter of 1777-78 -- and eventually led them to victory over the British. His success in the war made him a tremendously popular figure in America even after he retired to his farm at Mount Vernon in 1783. He was the natural choice to serve as the country's first president in 1789 after the new United States Constitution was ratified. He served two terms, refused a third, and returned to his Virginia farm. In 1798 he was again commissioned as Commander in Chief of the Army, a title he held until his death 18 months later. He was succeeded as president by John Adams.     http://www.answers.com/topic/george-washington 

 

   Elijah Parish Lovejoy: November 9, 1802 – November 7, 1837  In 1834 Lovejoy started a religious newspaper, the St. Louis Observer, where he advocated the abolition of slavery In 1836 Lovejoy published a full account of the lynching  of an African American in St. Louis and the subsequent trial that acquitted the mob leaders. Three times Lovejoy's printing press was seized by white mobs thrown into the Mississippi River.  On 7th November, 1837, Lovejoy received another press from the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society . When local slave-owners heard about the arrival of the new machine, they decided to destroy it. A group of his friends attempted to protect it, but during the attack, Lovejoy was shot dead. Elijah Parish Lovejoy was America's first martyr to freedom of the press.  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASlovejoy.htm 

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  1800-1831  Nat Turner was a black preacher who led an 1831 uprising in Southampton County, Virginia in which at least 55 whites were killed by a group of about 50 slaves. Turner was a deeply religious man who claimed to have visions and directives from God. On the night of 21 August 1831 he led four other slaves (Henry, Hark, Nelson and Sam) on a murderous spree near the town of Jerusalem, killing men, women and children in their beds. By the next day his mob had grown to at least 40 or 50, but the The revolt was soon crushed, however, and 13 slaves and three free blacks were hanged immediately. Turner himself escaped to the woods, but was captured six weeks later and hanged.  Before he was executed, Turner described his actions to Thomas R. Gray, and "The Confessions of Nat Turner" was later widely published in newspapers.  Dozens more blacks were also killed in retaliation.   Consequences: In total, the state executed 56 Blacks suspected of having been involved in the uprising. In the bloody aftermath, close to 200 blacks, many of whom had nothing to do with the rebellion, were beaten, tortured and murdered by angry white mobs.  http://www.answers.com/topic/nat-turner   

November 11, 1831… Nat Turner is hung for leading a slave revolt. His body is skinned and dispersed to white onlookers for souvenirs    http://www.vahistorical.org/img/news/media_sites_turner2.jpg 

Slavery in the United States  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAslavery.htm

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   http://georgehigh.com/../../../images/usaswhipping_191x250.jpg The main method used to control the behaviour of slaves was the threat of having them whipped. The number of lashes depended on the seriousness of the offence. Austin Steward wrote that on his plantation 39 was the number for most offences. Francis Fredric  ran away and was free for nine weeks. After he was captured he was given 107 lashes. Moses Roper, received 200 lashes and this was only brought to an end when the master's wife pleaded for his life to be spared.  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASwhipping.html 

USA History: Civil Rights 1860-1980 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivilrights.htm

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In 1838, at the age of twenty, Frederick Douglass escaped slavery and settled in the North. He quickly became involved in the campaign against slavery, known as the abolitionist movement. Seven years later in 1845, he published the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, in which he told the story of his life under slavery. His moving account of slavery and his eventual escape lent a certain authenticity to Douglass' speeches and writings against institutionalized slavery that white abolitionists did not have.  His use of vivid language in depicting violence against slaves, his psychological insights into the power dynamics between slaves and slaveholders, and his naming of specific persons and places made his book a powerful indictment against a society (both in the North and South of the United States) that continued to condone slavery as a viable social and economic institution.  http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-frederickdouglass/intro.html  

Frederick Douglass (1817?-1895),  one of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement, which fought to end slavery within the United States in the decades prior to the Civil War.  In 1847 he began publishing an antislavery paper called the North Star. Douglass served as an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks. Douglass provided a powerful voice for human rights during this period of American history and is still revered today for his contributions against racial injustice.   http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html

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The Slave Ship:  Many have written and argued that Slavery was a Sin of the South. I would argue most strongly that Slavery was NOT a Sin of the South; It was the Sin of a Nation. Placing the Sin of Slavery onto the doorstep of the confederacy is easy, and even comforting, but unfortunately is not the complete picture. The simple picture of Slavery as a Southern Sin does not reflect the much broader participation, exploitation and profit in Slavery as an Enterprise. Here, for your perusal and research, we present an original 1860 news account of a captured Slave Ship. The Slave Ship was owned by a New York Slave Trader, It was full of Native African Men, Women, and Children, and it was delivering the Cargo to be sold in the South.  My hope, and even my belief is, that few today could look at these images, and read the accompanying story without being appalled, repulsed, and even outraged…http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/slave-ship.htm  

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Facts about SlaveryThomas Jefferson, of Virginia, urged in the Declaration of Independence that the slave trade be forbidden. John Adams, of Massachusetts, urged that the clause be omitted.

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The statute of establishing perpetual slavery was adopted by Massachusetts, December, 1641. Massachusetts Historical Collections, VIII., p.231

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No Southern man ever owned a slave ship. No Southern man ever commanded a slave ship. No Southern man ever went to Africa for slaves.

http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/misc.htm    

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More Facts about Slavery:        The slave ship Desire sailed from Marblehead, Massachusetts, and was the first to sail from any English colony in America to capture Africans.

       The first State to legislate in favor of the slave trade was Massachusetts.

       The first State to urge a fugitive slave law was Massachusetts. Moore's History of Slavery

       The last state to legislate against the slave trade was Massachusetts. (The British Encyclopedia says New Jersey)

       The last slave ship to sail from the United States was the Nightingale from Massachusetts in 1861. She secured a cargo of 900 Africans, and was captured by the Saratoga under Captain Guthrie, April 21, 1861, after Fort Sumpter had been fired on. There is no record that any punishment followed this violation of the law.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/misc2.htm

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    Welcome to the Real Abraham Lincoln: Contained throughout this site is a collection of quotes from the United States 16th President, Abraham Lincoln. These quote have been divided as best we could, into topical categories, with little to no commentary added as they adequately stand alone in their meaning. 

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Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 16th president of the United States (1861-1865) and he became a legend and a folk hero after his death. Lincoln on Slavery & Emancipation  Abraham Lincoln  Speech-  to Charleston, Illinois, 1858.  I am not now, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social or political equality of the white and black races. I am not now nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor of intermarriages with white people. There is a physical difference between the white and the black races which will forever forbid the two races living together on social or political equality. There must be a position of superior and inferior, and I am in favor of assigning the superior position to the white man.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/race.htm

Lincoln in speeches at Peoria, Illinois:  When Southern people tell us that they are no more responsible for the origin of slavery than we are, I acknowledge the fact… My first impulse would possibly be to free all slaves and send them to Liberia to their own native land. But a moment's reflection would convince me that this would not be best for them…What then? Free them all and keep them among us as underlings. Is it quite certain that this would alter their conditions? Free them and make them politically and socially our equals? My own feelings will not admit of this, and if mine would, we well know that those of the great mass of whites will not. We cannot make them our equals. A system of gradual emancipation might well be adopted, and I will not undertake to judge our Southern friends for tardiness in this matter. http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery.htm 

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Do the people of the South really entertain fear that a Republican administration would directly or indirectly interfere with their slaves, or with them about their slaves? If they do, I wish to assure you as once a friend, and still, I hope, not an enemy , that there is no cause for such fears. The South would be in no more danger in this respect than it was in the days of Washington.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery3.htm

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Letter from Lincoln to A.H. Stephens…Public and Private Letters of Alexander Stephens, My paramount object, is to save the Union, and not either destroy or save slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing the slaves, I would do it. If I could save the Union by freeing some and leaving others in slavery, I would do it. If I could save it by freeing all, I would do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because it helps save the Union.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery3.htm 

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Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address I have no purpose directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. I acknowledge the constitutional rights of the States - not grudgingly, but fairly and fully, and I will give them any legislation for reclaiming their fugitive slaves. The point the Republican party wanted to stress was to oppose making slave States out of the newly acquired territory, not abolishing slavery as it then existed. http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery2.htm .

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   “... the right of a state to secede from the Union [has been] settled forever by the highest tribunal – arms – that man can resort to.” Ulysses S. Grant'. (1862)  “If I thought this war was to abolish slavery, I would resign my commission and offer my sword to the other side.” Ulysses S. Grant. (Grant's family owned slaves during the war)  http://www.users.waitrose.com/~robinphillips/FF%20vs.%20AL.htm

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   Interior view of a slave pen, showing the doors of cells where the slaves were held before being sold. Slave pen, Alexandria, Va. Photographed between 1861 and 1865, printed later.  http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/slavery/ig/Slavery-Photographs-and-Images/Slave-Pen.htm

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     Harriet Tubman was born a slave in Dorchester County, Maryland in about 1820. In 1848 Tubman decided to try and escape from her plantation. Her husband, John Tubman, refused to go with her as he believed it was too dangerous. Her two bothers accompanied her but later they became frightened and decided to return to the plantation. Tubman made her way north by the Underground Railroad  . Later, Tubman returned to rescue the rest of the family. This was the first of 19 secret trips she made to the South, during which she guided more than 300 slaves to freedom. Tubman's activities became so notorious that plantation owners   offered a $40,000 reward for her capture.  During the American Civil War   Tubman worked as a nurse, scout and an intelligence agent for the Union Army. Tubman's former activities as a conductor on the Underground Railroad  made her especially useful as a scout during the conflict. With the help of Sarah Bradford, she wrote her autobiography, Harriet Tubman, the Moses of Her People  , (1869). With the royalties from the book and a small pension from the United States Army   she purchased a house in Auburn, New York and turned it into a home for the aged and needy.       

   Tubman (far left), with Davis (seated, with cane), their adopted daughter Gertie (beside Tubman), Lee Cheney, John "Pop" Alexander, Walter Green, Blind "Aunty" Sarah Parker, and great-niece, Dora Stewart at Tubman's home in Auburn, New York   circa 1887. Harriet Tubman died on 10th March, 1913. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAStubman.htm 

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October 29, 2003 - Senator Clinton Secures Funding to Repay Harriet Tubman Civil War Pension:  Harriet Tubman requested a pension for her service in the Union Army during the Civil War, but never received one. However her last husband, Nelson Davis, served in the United States Colored Infantry and under the Dependent Pension Act of 1890, Harriet Tubman received an $8 per month widow's pension as the spouse of a deceased veteran from June 1890 until January 1899. On January 19, 1899 by enacting H.R. 4982, the 55th Congress authorized the Secretary of the Interior to pay Harriet Tubman a widow's pension of $25 per month for the duration of her life, however Harriet Tubman received only $20 per month until her death on March 10, 1913, after which she was buried Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn, New York, with military honors. The funding approved today is the sum which compensates for the widow's pension withheld from Harriet Tubman between January 1899 and her death in 1913, adjusted from 1913 to present day, equal to $11,750.    http://www.harriettubman.com/senclintion.html

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    Jefferson Davis  (born June 3, 1808, Christian county, Ky., U.S. — died Dec. 6, 1889, New Orleans, La.) U.S. political leader, president of the Confederate States of America   (1861 – 65). He graduated from West Point and served as a lieutenant in the Wisconsin Territory and later in the Black Hawk War. In 1835 he became a planter in Mississippi. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1845 – 46), he resigned to serve in the Mexican War  , in which he distinguished himself at the Battle of Buena Vista  . A national hero, he served in the U.S. Senate (1847 – 51) and as Pres. Franklin Pierce 's secretary of war (1853 – 57). He returned to the Senate in 1857, where he advocated states' rights   but tried to discourage secession. After Mississippi seceded in 1861, he resigned and was chosen president of the Confederacy. He conducted the South's war effort despite shortages of manpower, supplies, and money and opposition from radicals within his administration. After Gen. Robert E. Lee   surrendered without Davis's approval in April 1865, Davis fled Richmond, Va., the Confederate capital, hoping to continue the fight until he could secure better terms from the North. Captured and indicted for treason, he was never tried. After two years imprisonment, he was released in poor health in 1867. He retired to Mississippi. His citizenship was restored posthumously in 1978.  http://www.answers.com/topic/jefferson-davis  

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 Trent Lott's "Uptown Klan"... In 1978, after his election to the US House, Lott led a successful campaign to have the US citizenship of Jefferson Davis restored. Davis lost his citizenship when he became president of the Confederate States of America when southern states were in open revolt against the US government. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/208 

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  Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883)  In his Cornerstone speech, delivered in March 1861, right when the South was in the process of seceding, Stephens said that the American Revolution had been based on a premise that was "fundamentally wrong." What was that premise? "The assumption of the equality of the races." Stephens insisted that, by contrast, "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea. "The cornerstone of the confederacy rest upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man, that slavery, subornation to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition." This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great and moral truth." Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Georgia, vice president of the Confederacy   http://www.csawardept.com/history/Cabinet/Stephens/index.html   

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    Sojourner Truth… (Name at birth: Isabella Baumfree):  Born 1797, Hurley, N.Y. Died 26 Nov. 1883  Truth began life as a slave and ended it as a celebrated anti-slavery activist. She was born in New York and was sold several times before escaping to freedom with an infant daughter in 1827. She worked as a housekeeper, lived in a religious commune, and eventually became a travelling speaker and preacher. Although she could not read or write, Truth was a captivating speaker: she reportedly stood nearly six feet tall and was a spirited evangelist who spoke out for women's rights and against slavery. Prompted by religious feelings, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843. Her memoir The Narrative of Sojourner Truth (as told to author Olive Gilbert) was published in 1850 and helped establish her in the public mind. The next year, at a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio, she gave her famous speech, "Ain't I A Woman," a short but stirring challenge to the notion that men were superior to women. During the Civil War she worked to support black Union soldiers, and after the war she continued to travel and preach on spiritual topics and as an advocate for the rights of blacks and women.  http://www.answers.com/topic/sojourner-truth

  John Brown was a man of action - - a man who would not be deterredfrom his mission of abolishing slavery. On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men had been killed or captured. Brown was wounded and quickly captured, and moved to Charlestown, Virginia, where he was tried and convicted of treason, Before hearing his sentence, Brown was allowed make an address to the court. 

. . I believe to have interfered as I have done, . . . in behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right. Now, if it be deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit: so let it be done."... John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859.   http://afroamhistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=afroamhistory&cdn=education&tm=51&gps=58_412_1020_617&f=00&tt=14&bt=1&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html

June 12, 2009  Rewriting John Brown's story 150 years later

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31331809/from/ET/

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The Emancipation Proclamation, announced on September 22 and put in effect January 1, 1863, freed slaves in territories not under Union control.

AN OVERVIEW OF JOHN WILKES BOOTH'S ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN    http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln75.html <http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln75.html> 

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  After the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan in 1867 the number of lynching of African American increased dramatically. The main objective of the KKK was to maintain white supremacy in the South, which they felt was under threat after their defeat in the Civil War. It has been estimated that between 1880 and 1920, an average of two African Americans a week were lynched in the United States.

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  James Weldon Johnson named the summer of 1919 the "Red Summer" for the rash of deadly riots which erupted in more than twenty-five American cities between April and October of that year. Racial tensions were at an extreme in Omaha that summer; the influx of African Americans from the South and a perceived epidemic of crime created an atmosphere of mistrust and fear that led to the lynching of William Brown. 

Brown had been accused of molesting a white girl. When police arrested him on September 28, a mob quickly formed which ignored orders from authorities that they disperse. When Mayor Edward P. Smith appeared to plead for calm, he was kidnapped by the mob, hung to a trolley pole, and nearly killed before police were able to cut him down.

The rampaging mob set the courthouse prison on fire and seized Brown. He was hung from a lamppost, mutilated, and his body riddled with bullets, then burned. Four other people were killed and fifty wounded before troops were able to restore order.

This photograph was acquired from a Lincoln, Nebraska, man whose grandfather purchased it for two dollars as a souvenir while visiting Omaha in 1919.  http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/pics_80.html  

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Louisiana Lynchings, 1878-1946 This list is approximately complete within the dates given; but it probably misses some incidents  http://academic.evergreen.edu/p/pfeiferm/Louisiana.html  

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Lynching Victims in America from 1882 - 1968  http://i-found-it.net/uslynchingvictims.html <http://i-found-it.net/uslynchingvictims.html> 

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http://georgehigh.com/Disfranchised/Civil%20War%20amendments.pdf   Civil War amendments to the U.S. Constitution

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       Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy. She was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1862 and died in Chicago, Illinois 1931 at the age of sixty-nine.   In 1894, Ida B. Wells published A Red Record: She Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States, 1892-1894. This 100 page book expanded on her earlier research and documented the history of lynching since the Emancipation Proclamation. Wells tabulated the number of lynching reported in the Chicago Tribunal and tallied the various charges given. Her findings documented the alarming high occurrence of lynching and the rather ridiculous charges filed against black men. For example, she found that in 1894 "197 persons were put to death by mobs who gave the victims no opportunity to make a lawful defense". Furthermore, she found that over two-thirds of lynching were for incredibly petty crimes such as stealing hogs and quarreling with neighbors.  http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/idabwells.html  .

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   Congressman Leonidas Dyer of Missouri first introduced his Anti-Lynching Bill--known as the Dyer Bill--into Congress in 1918. The NAACP supported the passage of this bill from 1919 onward; they had not done so initially, arguing that the bill was unconstitutional based on the recommendations of  Moorfield Storey, a lawyer and the first president of the NAACP. Storey revised his position in 1918 and from 1919 onward the NAACP supported Dyer's anti-lynching legislation. The Dyer Bill was passed by the House of Representatives on the 26th of January 1922, and was given a favorable report by the Senate Committee assigned to report on it in July 1922, but its passage was halted by a filibuster in the Senate. Efforts to pass similar legislation were not taken up again until the 1930s with the Costigan-Wagner Bill. The Dyer Bill influenced the text of anti-lynching legislation promoted by the NAACP into the 1950s, including the Costigan-Wagner Bill.  http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/lynch/doc1.htm   

  May 16, 1916, Robinson, Texas. Charred corpse of Jesse Washington suspended from utility pole  http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/pics_22.html   The Lynching of Jesse Washington and the Rise of the NAACP...The NAACP also fought a long campaign against lynching. In 1919 it published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States: 1889-1918. The NAACP also paid for large adverts in major newspapers presenting the facts about lynching. To show that the members of the organization would not be intimidated, it held its 1920 annual conference in Atlanta, considered at the time to be one of the most active Ku Klux Klan areas in America. http://www.patriciabernstein.com/  

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     Mary B. Talbert, (1866–1923)… She helped to plant the seeds for the NAACP. Frederick Douglass and W.E.B DuBois sat at her dining room table. She fought for women's rights a half-century before Betty Friedan untied her apron strings. She railed against colonialism in Africa, had an audience with the queen of England and pressured Woodrow Wilson to sign a federal anti-lynching law (he didn't). She blasted segregation 50 years before Jim Crow came tumbling down. She was the first woman to get a doctorate from the University of Buffalo. She was a preservationist who saved Douglass' home in Washington, D.C.  Some experts put her up with Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth as a civil rights activist.   http://www.buffaloah.com/h/tal/tal2.html   

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The NAACP hoped that the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 would bring an end to lynching. Two African American campaigners against lynching, Mary McLeod Bethune and Walter Francis White, had been actively involved in helping Roosevelt to obtain victory. The president's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, had also been a long-time opponent of lynching.  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USArooseveltF.htm

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        Mary McLeod Bethune (Educator) 1875-1955…The daughter of former slaves, and one of the most widely known African American women of the twentieth century, Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, political advisor, and civil rights leader. After graduation from the Scotia Seminary in 1895, she taught at the Haines Institute in Augusta, Georgia, then at Kendall Institute in Sumter, South Carolina, where she met and later married Albertus Bethune. In October 1904, Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls in a small rented cabin, and continued to develop the school over the next two decades. When white hospitals denied service to black patients and training for black residents and nurses, Bethune founded McLeod Hospital to serve the community and to provide training for black physicians and nurses. By 1922, the school had over 300 students and a staff of 25, later becoming the Bethune-Cookman College. As well as working for education, Bethune founded the Circle of Negro War Relief in New York City during World War I, was vice president of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and served as president for two terms in the National Association of Colored Women  , advising the Coolidge and Hoover administrations on African American issues. In 1935, Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women    and served as president until 1949. She retired from public life on her seventy-fifth birthday in 1950, settling in her home on the campus of Bethune-Cookman College, and over the next five years received 12 honorary degrees.  http://www.africanamericans.com/MaryMcLeodBethune.htm

Mary McLeon Bethume From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune

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  Walter White (1893-1955)  A native of Atlanta  , Walter White served as chief secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People   (NAACP) from 1929 to 1955. During the twenty-five years preceding the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, White was one of the most prominent African American figures and spokespeople in the country. Upon his death in 1955, the New York Times eulogized him as "the nearest approach to a national leader of American Negroes since Booker T. Washington...  http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-747

   Hitler's Forgotten Victims reveals that sterilisation programmes for Blacks had been instigated by Germany's most senior Nazi geneticist, Doctor Eugen Fischer, who developed his racial theories in German South-West Africa (now Namibia) long before the First World War. It was in this colonial context that Fischer identified what he considered genetic dangers arising from race-mixing between German colonists and African women. The documentary also provides disturbing photographic evidence of German genocidal tendencies in Africa, which began with the Heroro massacre. In 1904, the Heroro tribe of German South-West Africa revolted against their colonial masters in a quest to keep their land; the rebellion lasted four years, leading to the death of 60,000 Heroro tribespeople (80% of their population). The survivors were imprisoned in concentration camps or used as human guinea pigs for medical experiments, a policy that was a foretaste of things to come for German Blacks and the Jewish community   http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/61/201.html  

Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany The Remarkable Life of Hans Massaquoi  http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0003/black_nazi.html    

Black German Holocaust Victims - So much of history is lost to us because we often don't write the history books, film the documentaries, nor pass the accounts down from generation to generation. One documentary now touring the film festival circuit, telling us to 'Always Remember' is 'Black Survivors of the Holocaust' (1997). Outside the U.S., the film is entitled 'Hitler's Forgotten Victims' (Afro-Wisdom Productions) . It codifies another dimension to the 'Never Forget ' Holocaust story--our dimension. Did you know that in the 1920's, there were 24,000 Blacks living in Germany? Neither did I. Here's how it happened, and how many of them were eventually caught unawares by the events of the Holocaust. Like most West European nations, Germany established colonies in Africa in the late 1800's in what later became Togo, Cameroon, Namibia, and Tanzania. German genetic experiments began there, most notably involving prisoners taken from the 1904 Heroro Massacre that left 60,000 Africans dead, following a 4-year revolt against German colonization. After the shellacking Germany received in World War I, it was stripped of its African colonies in 1918.  http://www.streamsofjustice.org/2008/06/black-german-holocaust-victims.html       

   Richard B. Russell Jr.  served in public office for fifty years as a state legislator , governor of Georgia, and U.S. senator. Russell was best known for his efforts to strengthen the national defense and to oppose Civil Rights legislation. Russell  began contesting civil rights legislation as early as 1935,when an anti lynching bill was introduced in Congress. By 1938 he led the Southern Bloc in resisting such federal legislation based on the unconstitutionality of its provisions. The Southern Bloc argued that these provisions were infringements on states' rights. By continually blocking passage of a cloture rule in the Senate, Russell preserved unlimited debate as a method for halting or weakening civil rights legislation. Over the next three decades, through filibuster and Russell's command of the Senate's parliamentary rules and precedents, the Southern Bloc stymied all civil rights legislation.

  In 1935 attempts were made to persuade Franklin D. Roosevelt   to support a Anti-Lynching   bill that had been introduced into Congress. However, Roosevelt refused to speak out in favour of the bill that would punish sheriffs who failed to protect their prisoners from lynch mobs. He argued that the white voters in the South would never forgive him if he supported the bill and he would therefore lose the next election...

  

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  Some of the Tuskegee Study Group clinicians. Dr. Reginald D. James (third to right), a black physician involved with public health work in Macon County , was not directly involved in the study. Nurse Rivers is on the left.   CDC - U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee  http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm

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The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment:   For forty years between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis. These men, for the most part illiterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama, were never told what disease they were suffering from or of its seriousness. Informed that they were being treated for “bad blood,” their doctors had no intention of curing them of syphilis at all.

The data for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the men, and they were thus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of tertiary syphilis—which can include tumors, heart disease, paralysis, blindness, insanity, and death. “As I see it,” one of the doctors involved explained, “we have no further interest in these patients until they die.” 

When the experiment was brought to the attention of the media in 1972, news anchor Harry Reasoner described it as an experiment that “used human beings as laboratory animals in a long and inefficient study of how long it takes syphilis to kill someone.” 

  Charlie Pollard survivor   Herman Shaw, survivor Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study  

By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis. How had these men been induced to endure a fatal disease in the name of science?  http://www.tuskegee.edu/Global/Story.asp?s=1207598 

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Fire In A Canebrake: (Monroe Lynching) The Last Mass Lynching in America…By Laura  Waxler    http://www.laurawexler.com/html/photos.html http://www.laurawexler.com/html/photos.html   

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    Ex-Georgia Governor,  Eugene Talmadge Was Suspected in 1946 Lynchings: June 16, 2007    Eventually, the FBI identified 55 possible suspects, including George Hester, but no one was ever arrested. After a federal grand jury in December 1946 could not identify any members of the mob, the FBI retreated from the case.    http://www.theledger.com/article/20070616/NEWS/706160433/-1/LIFE0201  

Moore's Ford Lynching Considered Last Mass Lynching In U.S. http://www.cbsatlanta.com/news/19034952/detail.html  

  The lynching of James Clark, handcuffed. July 11, 1926, Eau Gallie, Florida.

 "July 8, 1926. Rocky Water Camp Fla." Local newspapers reported that the chief of police and the sheriff were overtaken by a mob while transporting James Clark to trial in Titusville. It was the third lynching of a black man in that region in two months.  http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/pics_52.html  

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.csmonitor.com/2007/0209/p02s02-ussc.html   Anti-immigrant sentiments fuel Ku Klux Klan resurgence

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19333322/from/ET/  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19333322/from/ET/   House passes bill to reopen civil rights murders 6/20/07

Senate OKs bill to probe civil rights murders: 9/24/08

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26877136/from/ET/  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26877136/from/ET/  

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  11/02/09   High court declines 'Mississippi Burning' case - - The Supreme Court leaves in place a ruling that allowed prosecutors to charge a reputed Ku Klux Klansman with kidnapping decades after two black men were abducted and killed in Mississippi. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33586894/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/from/ET

June 12, 2009  A Ku Klux Klansman convicted two years ago for a 1964 kidnapping of two black men asked the U.S. Supreme Court to decide if the statute of limitations had expired before he was charged.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31333235/from/ET/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31333235/from/ET/  

   6/5/09  Court reinstates Klansman's conviction:   A federal appeals court upheld the kidnapping convictions for a former Ku Klux Klansman in the 1964 abductions of two black teenagers who were later killed. The conviction had been overturned last year.  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31130247/from/ET/ 

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   August 25, 2007 James Ford Seale, a reputed Ku Klux Klansman, was sentenced Friday to three life terms in prison for his role in the 1964 abduction and murder of two black teenagers in southwest Mississippi. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20424056/from/ET/     

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  FBI Director Robert S. Mueller… The initiative was launched on the heels of several successful prosecutions of civil rights-era cases, most recently the 2007 conviction of James Ford Seale    for kidnapping two African-American teenagers, who were subsequently killed, in Mississippi in 1964.  The case of James Ford Seale was revived in 2005 after a documentary filmmaker probed the case, prompting the FBI’s Jackson, Mississippi office to reexamine old records. The FBI enlisted the aid of special agents who worked the original 1964 case. Working with the local U.S. Attorney’s Office, they gathered enough evidence to present to a grand jury, which issued an indictment in January 2007.    http://www.fbi.gov/page2/feb09/coldcases022609.html  

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  September 11, 2008  'KKK' convict James Ford Seale cleared after 43-year trial delay:  A federal appeals court overturned Seale's conviction on Tuesday because the 1972 law that abolished the death penalty for kidnapping also set a five-year time limit for prosecutions. “The more than 40-year delay clearly exceeded the limitations period,” Judge Harold R. DeMoss Jr wrote for the three-judge panel.  http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4727527.ece     

 http://georgehigh.com/Disfranchised/kkk.pdf    Brief History of the Ku Klux Klan; Focusing on Their Use of the Flag: by Jeffrey Todd McCormack

http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/ http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/    Searching through America's past for the last 25 years, collector James Allen uncovered an extraordinary visual legacy: photographs and postcards taken as souvenirs at lynchings throughout America. With essays by Hilton Als, Leon Litwack, Congressman John Lewis and James Allen, these photographs have been published as a book "Without Sanctuary" by Twin Palms Publishers .

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    Wallace was defeated by  John Patterson in Alabama's Democratic gubernatorial primary  election in 1958. This was a political crossroads for Wallace. Patterson ran with the support of the Ku Klux Klan…After the election Seymore Trammell recalled Wallace saying, "Seymore, you know why I lost that governor's race?... I was outniggered by John Patterson. And I'll tell you here and now, I will never be outniggered again  George Wallace was elected governor in a landslide victory in November 1962. He took the  oath of office on January 14, 1963, standing on the gold star marking the spot where, 102 years prior, Jefferson Davis, was sworn in as President of the Confederate States of America.  In his  inaugural speech  he used the line for which he is best known:  “In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Wallace 

                            

5 months later 

        Vivian Juanita Malone Jones (July 15, 1942, in Mobile, Alabama - October 13, 2005 in Atlanta, Georgia) was an African-American woman, one of the first two African Americans to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963 and was made famous when Alabama Governor George Wallace tried to block them from entering, triggering a showdown with federal troops. She became the first African American to graduate from the University of Alabama. She was catapulted into the national spotlight on June 11, 1963, when, accompanied by federal marshals, the assistant U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, and fellow African-American student James Hood she attempted to register for classes at the all-white university. She was barred from doing so when Alabama Governor George Wallace made his famous "stand in the schoolhouse door" in an attempt to prevent racial integration of Alabama schools. Ultimately, Wallace stood aside and Malone was allowed to enroll…   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones .  

   3 months later

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Donny Hathaway~To Be Young, Gifted and Black   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaMzGFVccSQ 

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  On May 16, 2000, Bobby Frank Cherry and  Thomas Blanton  were arrested on eight counts of first-degree murder. The jury had indicted both men on all charges. 

 A now infamous event regarding Baxley occurred during his tenure in as Attorney General. When the Ku Klux Klan  in a letter once called him an "honorary nigger", compared him to JFK and wished him death. Bill's response, on official state letterhead, contained only: "My response to your letter of February 19, 1976, is - kiss my ass. Sincerely, Bill Baxley, Attorney General" 

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    Att. Gen Baxley & Robert Chambliss:  As attorney general, Baxley was made famous for his most prestigious case against the Ku Klux Klan, his 1977 prosecution of Robert Chambliss for the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in September 1963.

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Emmett Till... Before & After... His death helped spark the civil rights movement. It demonstrated the brutality of southern violence towards African-Americans, and created outrage across the nation. Emmett's mother, Mamie, insisted at his funeral that he be given an open-casket, so others could see what they had done to her 14 year old boy. http://www.emmetttillmurder.com/  

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  FBI: No Charges in Emmett Till Case: March 17, 2006:  The FBI has concluded its investigation into the 1955 murder of 14-year-old Emmett Till and turned its report over to Mississippi District Attorney Joyce L. Chiles. Although no federal charges will be filed in the civil-rights era case, state charges could be filed.    http://www.emmetttillmurder.com/  

  FBI Report and Trial Transcript :  In March, 2007, the FBI released a summary of its 8000 page report  of its investigation of the murder of Emmett Till. This report also includes the 354 page transcript of the 1955 murder trial of J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant. The transcript had been lost for decades, but in the course of their investigation, the FBI located a faded copy and re-transcribed it.   http://foia.fbi.gov/till/till.pdf

   In 1956, several years before he targeted King, Hoover had a public showdown with T.R.M. Howard,  a civil rights leader from Mount Bayou, Mississippi. During a national speaking tour, Howard had criticized the FBI's failure to thoroughly investigate the racially-motivated murders of  George W. Lee, Lamar Smith, and Emmett Till. Hoover not only wrote an open letter to the press singling out these statements as "irresponsible" but secretly enlisted the help of NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall in a campaign to discredit Howard.     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover 

  Dr.Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard, M.D. (4 March 1908 – 1 May 1976) was an American civil rights leader, fraternal organization leader, entrepreneur and surgeon. He was one of the mentors to activists such as Medgar Evers, Charles Evers, Fannie Lou Hamer, Amzie Moore, Aaron Henry, and Jesse Jackson, founded Mississippi's leading civil rights organization in the 1950s, the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, and played a prominent role in the investigation of the kidnapping and murder of Emmett Till. He was also president of the National Medical Association and chairman of the board of the National Negro Business League….  http://www.bing.com/reference/semhtml?title=T._R._M._Howard&qpvt=T.R.M.+Howard&src=abop&q=t.r.m.+howard&fwd=1

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Hoover was pleased when Marshall wrote back to agree that Howard had wrongly attacked the FBI with "misstatements of facts." And in a real stunner, Marshall said he knew the FBI had done a "thorough and complete job" in three recent cases where blacks were murdered in Mississippi.  http://www.newsweek.com/id/113382?tid=relatedcl

  The Strangest Of Bedfellows: Thurgood Marshall Fought For Civil Rights. J. Edgar Hoover Fought Communists. How The Two Titans Joined Forces. By Juan Williams | NEWSWEEK   From the magazine issue dated Sep 14, 1998 Marshall's abrupt alliance with the FBI was as strategic as any of his courtroom maneuvers during his extraordinary career as a civil-rights lawyer and Supreme Court justice. Driving Marshall was his disdain for the communists, the radicals--even Martin Luther King Jr. King and his talk about nonviolence struck Marshall as childish. After Marshall was nearly lynched by Tennessee segregationists in 1946, the lawyer became convinced that nonviolent social protests would inevitably lead to "wholesale slaughter [of blacks] with no good achieved." Marshall was also concerned that the FBI might mix him up with the radicals and make him a target for its wiretaps and investigations. His alliance with Hoover was protection, Marshall hoped, against FBI interference with his ongoing legal work to defeat segregation. Hoover also had an agenda. Just as Marshall was worried about communists and subversives in the civil-rights movement, Hoover feared that the leftists might start a race war. He desperately wanted inside information from the NAACP--and Marshall was now the key. http://www.newsweek.com/id/113382?tid=relatedcl   

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   Body of Fred Hampton, national spokesman for the Black Panther Party, who was assassinated by members of the Chicago Police Department, as part of a COINTELPRO operation According to attorney Brian Glick in his book War at Home, the FBI used four main methods during COINTELPRO:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COINTELPRO 

The Bureau approved 2,370 separate counterintelligence actions. 27 Their techniques ranged from anonymously mailing reprints of newspaper and magazine articles (sometimes Bureau-authored or planted) to group members or supporters to convince them of the error of their ways, 28 to mailing anonymous letters to a member's spouse accusing the target of infidelity ; 29 from using informants to raise controversial issues at meetings in order to cause dissent, 30 to the "snitch jacket" (falsely labeling a group member as an informant) 31 and encouraging street warfare between violent groups ; 32 from contacting members of a "legitimate group to expose the alleged subversive background of a fellow member 33 to contacting an employer to get a target fired; 34 from attempting to arrange for reporters to interview targets with planted questions, 35 to trying to stop targets from speaking at all ; 36 from notifying state and local authorities of a target's criminal law violations, 37 to using the IRS to audit a professor, not just to collect any taxes owing, but to distract him from his political activities. 38   http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIa.htm

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  Clyd Tolson  (left) and Hoover relaxing on the beach in Los Angles 1939   Hoover was a lifelong bachelor, and since at least the 1940s unsubstantiated rumors have circulated that he was homosexual. It has also been suggested that his long association with Clyde Tolson, an associate director of the FBI who was also Hoover's heir, was that of a gay couple. Hoover described Tolson as his alter ego: 

 ... the men not only worked closely together during the day, but also took meals, went to night clubs and vacationed together. The exceedingly close relationship between the two is often cited as evidence that the two were lovers. Tolson inherited Hoover's estate and moved into his home, having also accepted the American flag that draped Hoover's casket. Tolson is buried a few yards away from Hoover in the Congressional Cemetery.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover  

  Gravesite of J. Edgar Hoover, former Director of the FBI...for many years after his death a FBI agent was assigned to sit in his auto in front of this site in order to keep anyone who wished to damage it away.  Even within Hoover's own lifetime, journalists and other observers made observations that hinted at a hidden personal life. Walter Winchell, the famed gossip columnist, once wrote a column that superficially extolled Hoover, while at the same time included many of the aforementioned peculiarities. A female journalist (in an article cited by Winchell), who managed to talk her way into an interview with Hoover, wrote an article sarcastically entitled, "Hoover: He Always Gets his Man, But he Never Found a Woman."  http://www.flickr.com/photos/bootbearwdc/87128299/  

_{J. Edgar Hoover: Encyclopedia http://www.associatepublisher.com/e/j/j/j._edgar_hoover.htm}

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   It was long thought that  Hoover denied the existence of organized crime because certain Mafia figures had photographs and other documentation of Hoover's alleged and widely-believed homosexuality. However, nothing could be proved, as after his death, Hoover's secretary obeyed instructions that all his personal files be burned.  http://www.answers.com/topic/j-edgar-hoover   

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   Viola Liuzzo... Viola Fauver was born in Pennsylvania on 11th April, 1925. As a child, Viola lived in Tennessee and Georgia. After an unsuccessful marriage and the birth of two children, Viola married Anthony J. Liuzzo, a Teamster Union official from Detroit. Viola had three more children and at the age of 36 she resumed her education at Wayne State University. After graduating with top honors Viola became a medical lab technician.

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      Ku Klux Klansmen beat black bystander George Webb in the Birmingham Trailways bus station, May 14, 1961. The man with his back to the camera (center right) is FBI undercover agent Gary Thomas Rowe.   http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5149667

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. Gary Thomas Rowe, escorted by FBI agents, walks to court in Hayneville, Ala., to testify against Collie Leroy Wilkins in the murder of Viola Liuzzo in 1965. (AP)  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/30/AR2005063001422.html

  A Case Study on FBI Surveillance of Dr. Martin Luther KingPrepared by: American Civil Liberties Union Washington National Office http://www.aclu.org/FilesPDFs/mlkreport.pdf 

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House passes bill to reopen civil rights murders  6/20/07  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19333322/from/ET/

Senate OKs bill to probe civil rights murders:  9/24/08
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26877136/from/ET/

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  President Bush, his Daddy, Trent Lott Strom Thurmond and his daughter     

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  Andy Griffith sings ship those niggers back    http://www.chimptube.tv/joomla/index.php?option=com_hwdvideoshare&task=viewvideo&Itemid=53&video_id=46

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Wachovia admits slave trade profits: After initially denying ties to slavery in January, executives at Wachovia Bank disclosed in a June 2 report that the bank's predecessor institutions - the Bank of Charleston, S.C., and the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company - "owned" at least 162 enslaved Africans and accepted 529 more as "collateral" on loans. http://www.usatoday.com/money/general/  

02/02/21/slave-reparations.htm Corporations challenged by reparations activists: They owned, rented or insured slaves. Loaned money to plantation owners. Helped hunt down the runaways. Some of America's most respected companies have slavery in their pasts. Now, 137 years after the final shots of the Civil War, will there be a reckoning? There is considerable evidence that proud names in finance, banking, insurance, transportation, manufacturing, publishing and other industries are linked to slavery. So far, the reparations legal team has publicly identified five companies it says have slave ties: insurers Aetna, New York Life and AIG and financial giants J.P. Morgan Chase Manhattan Bank and Fleet Boston Financial Group. Independently, USA TODAY has found documentation tying several others to slavery: * Investment banks Brown Bros. Harriman and Lehman Bros. * Railroads Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National. * Textile maker WestPoint Stevens. * Newspaper publishers Knight Ridder, Tribune, Media General, Advance Publications, E.W. Scripps and Gannett, parent and publisher of USA TODAY.
http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/16/america/NA-GEN-US-Slavery-Apology.php

Maryland Senate approves resolution apologizing for slavery, with Georgia possibly to follow: The Associated Press http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17967662/from/ET/

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Old South iron built on slaves' sweat. Archaeological find: Remains of 15 cabins are evidence of workers at Alabama blast furnaces. 7/9/07

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  President George W. Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush made considerable profits off Auschwitz slave labor. In fact, President Bush himself is an heir to these profits from the holocaust which were placed in a blind trust in 1980 by his father, former president George Herbert Walker Bush http://www.oldamericancentury.org/bushco/bush_crime_family.htm

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Friday, June 4, 2010   Arlington, Texas, Couple Sentenced for Enslaving Nigerian Woman for More Than Eight Years - An Arlington, Texas, couple was sentenced today by U.S. District Court Judge John H. McBryde for forcing a Nigerian widow to perform domestic labor for them for more than eight years. Emmanuel Nnaji, 50, a naturalized citizen of the United States was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Ngozi Ihechere Nnaji, 40, a citizen of Nigeria, was sentenced to nine years in prison. The defendants were also ordered to pay $305,957.60 in restitution.   http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/June/10-crt-661.html

House apologizes for slavery and Jim Crow 7/31/08   http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25921453/from/ET/ 

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"The more things change, the more they remain the same"

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"Uptown Klans" Three Racist Republican Presidents:  Since 1982, Presidents Regan, Bush "41" and Bush "43" has personally been responsible for the disfranchisement of million's of blacks and deprived them of the rights of citizenship, the right to vote and numerous other privileges, rights and/or power. They have all tried to "turn back the clock" on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Right Act of 1965, that President Lyndon Johnson achieved passage of:   http://georgehigh.com/Disfranchised/three%20racist%20presidents.pdf

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Martin Luther King, Jr.

    

"I Have a Dream"  http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm  

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Lyndon Baines Johnson...Address to a Joint Session of Congress on Voting Legislation

 

We Shall Overcome"   http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lbjweshallovercome.htm  

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Malcolm X

   

The Ballot or the Bullet   http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/malcolmxballotorbullet.htm  

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All the below persons fought and/or died for our right to vote... 

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 Fredrick Douglass - - “Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is made to feel that society is an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe.”  (Speech on the 24th anniversary of Emancipation, Washington, D.C.)     http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/stand-up-to-corporate-power/2037       

  King family at  Funeral -  On 4 April 1968 at 6.10 pm, a sniper assassinated Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.  while he was standing on the balcony of Room 306 at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis Tennessee. Dr King had come to Memphis, to support striking sanitation workers.   http://americanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/dr_martin_luther_king_jnr  

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    Harry T. and Harriette Moore died after the explosion under their bed on Christmas Day, their 25th wedding anniversary. Harry Moore organized the Brevard County branch of the NAACP in the 1930s and worked to register black voters in an area of the state then ruled by Jim Crow laws. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14380016/from/ET/    (both murdered)

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   Jimmy Lee Jackson, 'Gave his life in the struggle for the right to vote.  http://www.annistonstar.com/opinion/2005/as-insight-0306-jflemingcol-5c04q1447.htm  ' (Murdered)

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18574158/from/ET/   

 Ex-state trooper surrenders in 1965 Ala. slaying trial in '65 shooting (Jimmie Lee Jackson)- 7/13/08

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25624385/from/ET/  

Sat May 8, 2010 -  45-year-old civil rights slaying still unresolved - MONTGOMERY, Ala. – It took more than four decades for a former Alabama state trooper to be indicted on charges that he gunned down a black demonstrator — a killing that helped galvanize the civil rights movement. Now a three-year delay for the trial has both sides fearing that elderly witnesses could die before they get a chance to testify. A federal grand jury in Mobile reviewed the shooting shortly after it occurred and brought no charges. Michael Jackson reopened the investigation after he became Perry County's first black district attorney in 2005.  http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100508/ap_on_re_us/us_civil_rights_slaying

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       Viola Gregg Liuzzo (April 11, 1925-March 25, 1965) was a white civil rights activist from the U.S. state of Michigan and mother of five, who was murdered by Ku Klux Klan members after the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches in Alabama. One of the Klansmen in the car from which the shots were fired was an FBI informant, and the FBI carried out a smear campaign against Liuzzo after her death. Liuzzo's name is one of those inscribed on a civil rights memorial in the state capital. http://crdl.usg.edu/people/l/liuzzo_viola_1925_1965/?Welcome  

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  Medgar Evers was killed On June 12, 1963, as he was returning home,  by an assassin’s bullet. Black and white leaders from around the nation came to Jackson for his funeral and then gathered at Arlington National Cemetery for his interment. Following his death, his brother, Charles, took over Medgar’s position as state field secretary for the NAACP. The accused killer, a white supremacist named Byron De La Beckwith, stood trial twice in the 1960s, but in both cases the all-white juries could not reach a verdict. Finally, in a third trial in 1994 (and thirty-one years after Evers’ murder), Beckwith was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.     http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/english/ms-writers/dir/evers_medgar/  

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      James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and  Michael Schwerner were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan on 21st June, 1964 while trying to get African Americans in the southern United States registered to vote. In the summer 1964, 30 black homes and 37 black churches were firebombed and over 80 volunteers were beaten by white mobs or racist police officers.   http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htm 

   In 1955, Reverend George Lee, vice president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership and NAACP worker, was shot in the face and killed for urging Blacks in the Mississippi Delta to vote. (murdered)  http://www.beejae.com/lee.htm  

  In August 1955, Lamar Smith, sixty-three-year-old farmer and World War II veteran, was shot in cold blood on the crowded courthouse lawn in Brookhaven, Mississippi, for urging Blacks to vote. (murdered)

. http://en.allexperts.com/e/l/la/lamar_smith_(activist).htm    

  On September 25, 1961, farmer Herbert Lee was shot and killed in Liberty, Mississippi, by E.H. Hurst, a member of the Mississippi State Legislature. Hurst murdered Lee because of his participation in the voter registration campaign sweeping through southwest Mississippi. (murdered)  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACleeH.htm  

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  Fannie Lou Hamer, a leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, speaks before the Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, August 22, 1964. In the summer of 1964, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, or "Freedom Democrats" for short, was organized with the purpose of challenging Mississippi's all-white and anti-civil rights delegation to the Democratic National Convention of that year as not representative of all Mississippians. Hamer was elected Vice-Chair.The Freedom Democrats' efforts drew national attention to the plight of African-Americans in Mississippi, and represented a challenge to President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was seeking the Democratic Party's nomination for reelection; their success would mean that other Southern delegations, who were already leaning toward Republican challenger Barry Goldwater, would publicly break from the convention's decision to nominate Johnson — meaning in turn that he would almost certainly lose those states' electoral votes in the election. Hamer, singing her signature hymns, drew a great deal of attention from the media, enraging Johnson, who referred to her in speaking to his advisors as "that illiterate woman".  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer  

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   At times history and fate meet at a single time in a single place to shape a turning point in man's unending search for freedom. So it was at Lexington and Concord. So it was a century ago at Appomattox. So it was last week in Selma, Alabama. There is no Negro problem. There is no southern problem. There is no northern problem. There is only an American problem. Many of the issues of civil rights are very complex and most difficult. But about this there can and should be no argument. Every American citizen must have the right to vote...Yet the harsh fact is that in many places in this country men and women are kept from voting simply because they are Negroes... No law that we now have on the books...can insure the right to vote when local officials are determined to deny it... There is no Constitutional issue here. The command of the Constitution is plain. There is no moral issue. It is wrong--deadly wrong--to deny any of your fellow Americans the right to vote in this country. There is no issue of States' rights or National rights. There is only the struggle for human rights.

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 Maceo Snipes served in the Pacific during World War II and returned home to make history: He became the first black person to vote in Taylor County, Ga. A day later, he was dead, apparently slain for daring to vote. His relatives want answers.  Snipes was shot on July 18, 1946, a day after he voted in the Georgia Democratic primary. He died two days later on July 20. Fearful relatives buried him at night in an unmarked grave before some family members fled the county, relocating as far north as Ohio. Survivors say they still don't know the location of Snipes' grave.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17127541/from/ET/     (murdered)

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 Southern Poverty Law Center, CIVIL RIGHTS MEMORIAL: The Memorial, dedicated in 1989, includes the name of 40 civil rights martyrs who were slain during that era. (All 40 murdered)  http://www.tolerance.org/memorial/  

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 Southern Poverty Law Center, The ‘Forgotten' These are the names of 76 men and women who died between 1952 and 1968 under circumstances suggesting they were the victims of racially motivated violence. (All 76 men and woman murdered) http://www.splcenter.org/news/item.jsp?sid=88  

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Virginia and George High has been deprived of their right to vote since 1993 when they were framed and wrongfully Convicted by the United States of America... (Judicial Lynching)

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  House passes bill to reopen civil rights murders 6/20/07 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19333322/from/ET/

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. More than 1.4 million African-American men were not be able to vote on Nov.5 even though they have served all of their prison time for a past felony conviction.  http://www.blackpressusa.com/News/Article.asp?SID=3&Title=National+News&newsID=2598

 Citizenship for convicted felons: Florida is notorious for running elections badly, but its new governor is trying to fix one of the state's most unjust and undemocratic practices. He has called for tearing down the barriers that prevent as many as 950,000 ex-offenders from voting.  http://georgehigh.com/gh/Citizenship%20for%20convicted%20felons.pdf  

Florida's Governor Crist Makes it Easier for Convicted Felons to Regain the Right to Vote The state of Florida on Thursday moved to allow felons to more easily get their civil rights back after they serve their sentences, moving a step away from what some called an unfair remnant of ...

 Colorado Senate Passes Parolee Voting: March 30, 2007  http://www.coloradoconfidential.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=1738

State's voter ID law holds up in court 9/06/09 http://georgehigh.com/George%20News/Voter%20ID%20law.pdf  

The Supreme Court agreed Tuesday to decide whether voter identification laws unfairly deter the poor and minorities from voting, stepping into a contentious partisan issue in advance of the 2008 elections. 9/25/07 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20972011/from/ET/  

For felons, a nudge to the voting booth: 8/11/08   http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26130901/from/ET/  

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not y'all's typical "handkerchief headed, weak kneed, foot shuffing house nigger".

 Slavery, Lynching, Murder, Incarcerations, Racism, and Disfranchised For Nearly 400 years (1619) … The memory of our brothers and sisters, friends and comrades stays alive through our struggles! We do not forget the millions upon millions of our brothers and sisters nor ancestors who gave their lives in the cause of  “Freedom, liberty  and Justice” and we do not forgive their murderers  or the vigilantes who has argued that the ends justify the means .   

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 Below are Some of the Most prominent and highly esteemed members of the KKK

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Contrary to the modern popular ZOG Jew myth that the KKK was always, is now and forevermore will be nothing but a bunch of ignorant racists hicks and country bumpkins; many intelligent, even sophisticated and famous people were and are Klansmen. There have been many prominent, and historically significant men joined and were active members of the Ku Klux Klan and some became noteworthy leaders in the Klan. http://www.kelticklankirk.com/KKK_Wizards_and_Prominent_Klansmen.htm

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  George H. W. Bush http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=George+H.+W.+Bush+images&FORM=IGRE#

Trent Lott's "Uptown Klan"   http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/208  

Trent Lott Minority Whip    http://www.dailykos.com/story/2006/11/16/101619/02

  George W. Bush  http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=George+Bush+images&FORM=IGRE#

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  General Robert E. Lee. It was actually General Lee's statement: "My support for your organization must remain completely invisible." that inspired the Klan's official AKA or second name: "The Invisible Empire.",  General John C. Brown,  Captain John W. Morton ---  Secretary of State of Tennessee,  Ryland Randolph (editor of the Independent Monitor),  

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  General George W. Gordon, CSA General John B. Gordon became the Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia and was the author of the Official Prescripts of the KKK for the entire Order Nationwide. 

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  General William Joseph Hardee, the author of Hardee's Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics was also the Klan author of   many of the warnings and oaths of the KKK.   Colonel Joseph Fussell,   http://www.kelticklankirk.com/KKK_Wizards_and_Prominent_Klansmen.htm  

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  David Duke  Born:  July 1, 1950 Residence: Mandeville, Louisiana

Organization(s): European-American Unity and Rights Organization (founder, 2001), National Organization for European American Rights (founder, 2000); National Association for the Advancement of White People (founder, 1980); Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (founder, 1974)

Education: BA, Louisiana State University

Ideology: Anti-Semitism, White Supremacy Duke has been active in the white supremacy movement for over 40 years. In the last two decades, he has tried to position himself as a new “respectable racist.” He pioneered the now common effort on the far right to camouflage racist ideas in hot-button issues like affirmative action and immigration, successfully appealing to race and class resentments. He was instrumental in the Klan resurgence of the 1970s and was one of the first neo-Nazi and Klan leaders to stop the use of Nazi and Klan regalia and ritual, as well as other traditional displays of race hatred, and to cultivate media attention. Duke continues to write articles and books, to convene conferences, and to speak publicly for the purposes of demonizing Jews and other minorities.  http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/david_duke/default.asp  

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George W. Bush during his six years as governor of Texas presided over 152 executions, more than any other governor in the recent history of the United States. According to statistics, George Bush has executed 9 INNOCENT PEOPLE..!   http://www.texecutions.com/   

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     Ronald Reagan:        In 1980, Ronald Reagan launched his campaign for the Republican nomination in Philadelphia, Miss., at a fairground used as a meeting place for the KKK and other racist groups. This was also the part of the state where, in 1964, civil rights workers Andrew Goodman,  Michael Schwerner and  James Chaney were killed   , but Reagan never mentioned the regions racist past.   

http://www.bet.com/News/Decision08/NewsFlipbookRacePolitics.htm?i=1

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http://www.neshobademocrat.com/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=297&ArticleID=13920&TM=65091.34

Transcript of Ronald Reagan's 1980 Neshoba County Fair speech  http://neshobademocrat.com/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=297&ArticleID=15599&TM=60417.67  

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  Reagan’s (and his "sidekick" B

  Clinton Presidency Blamed  for Record Leap in Prison Population  February 19, 2001  - The federal and state prison populations rose more under former President Bill Clinton than under any other president, according to a report from a criminal justice institute to be released today. In fact, the analysis of U.S. Justice Department statistics by the left- leaning Justice Policy Institute found that more federal inmates were added to prisons under Clinton than under Presidents George Bush and Ronald Reagan combined.  http://articles.sfgate.com/2001-02-19/news/17586325_1_prison-populations-nation-s-prison-state-prisons          

THE CLINTON DRUG WAR LEGACY - High Times (01 Feb 2001)   The Gentlest Ride Into Hell Americans Have Ever Experienced Recent history judges a President on two things: the state of the economy and foreign affairs.  During his two terms in office President Bill Clinton presided over a booming stock market and managed to avoid any unseemly military quagmires.  Thus, despite dozens of personal scandals and serious political-and perhaps criminal-problems, he'll probably be remembered as a great, if flawed, leader.  But not to the millions who've fallen prey to the Clinton Drug War machine, the most well-oiled policing apparatus America has ever known.   Join us now for a retrospective tour of shame through the Clinton Drug War legacy.  http://www.mapinc.org/newscfdp/v01/n087/a05.html?6793   

 

Bill Clinton Admits 'Regret' on Crack Cocaine Sentencing  March 4, 2008 USA Today By DeWayne Wickham - "I regret more than I can say that we didn't do more on it," he said about his administration's failure to end the disparate sentencing for people convicted of crack and powder cocaine offenses. "I'm prepared to spend a significant portion of whatever life I've got left on the earth trying to fix this because I think it's a cancer," the former president said of the devastating impact this sentencing imbalance has had on blacks.  http://www.crackthedisparity.com/clinton

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 In 1935 attempts were made to persuade Franklin D. Roosevelt to support a Anti-Lynching bill that had been introduced into Congress. However, Roosevelt refused to speak out in favour of the bill that would punish sheriffs who failed to protect their prisoners from lynch mobs. He argued that the white voters in the South would never forgive him if he supported the bill and he would therefore lose the next election. Even the appearance in the newspapers of the lynching of Rubin Stacy failed to change Roosevelt's mind on the subject. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACstacy.htm

Black ran for the United States Senate in 1926, and was elected in part with the support of the Ku Klux Klan, of which he'd been a member from 1923-25…On August 12, 1937, Black was nominated by FDR to be a United States Supreme Ct. Justice replacing  Van Devanter (KKK). After confirmation, but before he took his seat on the Court, the news of Black's former membership in the KKK was made public… http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/black.htm   

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* Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died. He lived his early years in Independence, Missouri which was a city rife with racism. The whites of Independence referred to the African Americans as "niggers", "coons" or simply as "boy" - regardless of the age of the person being spoken to. Truman’s ancestors had owned slaves and while he was dating his future wife Bess, she claimed that he told her that he felt that one person was as good as any other as long as they were not black. He also criticised the Chinese in America, the Jews - to whom he referred to as "Kikes" and the Italians in America who he called "wops". When he got involved in politics at an early age, he did what any aspiring politician did in the South, he paid $10 to join the KKK.  http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Harry_Truman_civil_rights.htm

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   President Harry S. Truman was a minor ordinary Klansman from 1920 - 1922. His two year  membership was not notable and somewhat lacking. He eventually had a major falling out with the KKK over his desire to appoint RomanCatholics to key political positions; something which all of the KKK opposed at the time. Some Klans now not only accept Roman Catholics but actively recruit them. The true Ku Klux Klan is however traditionally and rightfully opposed to Roman Catholicism and Papists influence over America. President Harry S. Truman was currying favor with Roman Catholic voters and was more interested in his political career than the Klan or the good of America. He severed all ties with the KKK and openly repudiated them. They didn't call the arrogant upstart "give them Hell Harry", for nothing. His family has tired to deny his KKK membership ever since, but has failed miserably since it is a well established fact of documented history.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_and_alleged_Ku_Klux_Klan_members_in_United_States_politics

http://www.kelticklankirk.com/KKK_Wizards_and_Prominent_Klansmen.htm

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  President Calvin Coolidge was a noted Klansman and was well known to be an active member of the Ku Klux Klan. He allowed cross lightings on the Capitol steps and reviewed the giant Klan parades of 1925 and 1926 in Washington D.C.  http://www.kkklan.com/wall.htm

http://www.kelticklankirk.com/KKK_Wizards_and_Prominent_Klansmen.htm

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  President Warren G. Harding. He was actually sworn into the Ku Klux Klan in a Klan ceremony conducted inside the White House by Imperial Wizard Colonel Simmons.  http://www.kkklan.com/wall.htm http://www.kelticklankirk.com/KKK_Wizards_and_Prominent_Klansmen.htm

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  President Woodrow Wilson  and President McKinley    were members of the KKK, little is known of their Klan membership however. There is at least one book that documents they were actual members, but it only mentions they were members, that's all. McKinley was a Union officer, but many Union men joined or affiliated with the original First Era Ku Klux Klan during the Radical Republican's anti-white Reconstruction Era. Union General Hardee was another Union man who later joined the Klan. President Wilson would have been a member of the Klan under  the Command of Imperial Wizard Colonel Simmons.  http://www.kkklan.com/wall.htm

http://www.kelticklankirk.com/KKK_Wizards_and_Prominent_Klansmen.htm

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    Willis Van Devanter: Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court:  In office  January 3, 1911 – June 2, 1937.   The Supreme Court, 1937. The man in the Klan robe was Justice Van Deventer,  who was soon to retire from the court. The photo appeared in the New York Sun on October 2, 1937.  http://www.kkklan.com/wall.htm  .

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