America's Aparthied

.

    Malcolm X  (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz.  was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. His detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence.  He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X   

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fu_FVNzZmBY&feature=related

.

This is the original "Chinese proverb" from the streetcar advertisement. The quotation has wrongly been translated as: A Picture Is Worth One Thousand Words. In fact, the literal translation is:  A Picture's Meaning Can Express Ten Thousand Words.  http://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/lester/writings/letters.html 

.

http://georgehigh.com/../../../images/door_of_no_return_450x600.jpg

.

  What Willie Lynch had to say in 1712 :   The following has been credited to William Lynch, a White slave owner, who reportedly made the speech on the banks of the James River in 1712. It was quoted at length by Minister Louis Farrakhan at the Million Man March where it stunned many in the audience because of the cold-blooded way it described how the minds of African-Americans could be enslaved. According to an essay appearing in "Brother Man- The Odyssey of Black Men in America- An Anthology" Lynch was a British slave owner in the West Indies who came to the United States to tell American slave owners how to keep their slaves under control. The term "lynching" is derived from Lynch's name. 

. 

    In John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence, the five-man drafting committee is presenting its work to the Continental Congress. Jefferson is the tall figure in the center laying the Declaration on the desk.In Congress, July 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America: When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. —

  George Washington  (22 February 1732 - 14 December 1799) Birthplace Westmoreland County, Virginia…Best known as The first President of the United States:  George Washington is called "the father of his country" for his crucial role in fighting for, creating and leading the United States of America in its earliest days. Washington was a surveyor, farmer and soldier who rose to command the Colonial forces in the Revolutionary War. He held the ragtag Continental Army together -- most famously during a frigid encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania during the winter of 1777-78 -- and eventually led them to victory over the British. His success in the war made him a tremendously popular figure in America even after he retired to his farm at Mount Vernon in 1783. He was the natural choice to serve as the country's first president in 1789 after the new United States Constitution was ratified. He served two terms, refused a third, and returned to his Virginia farm. In 1798 he was again commissioned as Commander in Chief of the Army, a title he held until his death 18 months later. He was succeeded as president by John Adams.     http://www.answers.com/topic/george-washington 

 

   Elijah Parish Lovejoy: November 9, 1802 – November 7, 1837  In 1834 Lovejoy started a religious newspaper, the St. Louis Observer, where he advocated the abolition of slavery In 1836 Lovejoy published a full account of the lynching  of an African American in St. Louis and the subsequent trial that acquitted the mob leaders. Three times Lovejoy's printing press was seized by white mobs thrown into the Mississippi River.  On 7th November, 1837, Lovejoy received another press from the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society . When local slave-owners heard about the arrival of the new machine, they decided to destroy it. A group of his friends attempted to protect it, but during the attack, Lovejoy was shot dead. Elijah Parish Lovejoy was America's first martyr to freedom of the press.  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASlovejoy.htm 

.

  1800-1831  Nat Turner was a black preacher who led an 1831 uprising in Southampton County, Virginia in which at least 55 whites were killed by a group of about 50 slaves. Turner was a deeply religious man who claimed to have visions and directives from God. On the night of 21 August 1831 he led four other slaves (Henry, Hark, Nelson and Sam) on a murderous spree near the town of Jerusalem, killing men, women and children in their beds. By the next day his mob had grown to at least 40 or 50, but the The revolt was soon crushed, however, and 13 slaves and three free blacks were hanged immediately. Turner himself escaped to the woods, but was captured six weeks later and hanged.  Before he was executed, Turner described his actions to Thomas R. Gray, and "The Confessions of Nat Turner" was later widely published in newspapers.  Dozens more blacks were also killed in retaliation.   Consequences: In total, the state executed 56 Blacks suspected of having been involved in the uprising. In the bloody aftermath, close to 200 blacks, many of whom had nothing to do with the rebellion, were beaten, tortured and murdered by angry white mobs.  http://www.answers.com/topic/nat-turner   

November 11, 1831… Nat Turner is hung for leading a slave revolt. His body is skinned and dispersed to white onlookers for souvenirs    http://www.vahistorical.org/img/news/media_sites_turner2.jpg 

Slavery in the United States  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAslavery.htm

.

   http://georgehigh.com/../../../images/usaswhipping_191x250.jpg The main method used to control the behaviour of slaves was the threat of having them whipped. The number of lashes depended on the seriousness of the offence. Austin Steward wrote that on his plantation 39 was the number for most offences. Francis Fredric  ran away and was free for nine weeks. After he was captured he was given 107 lashes. Moses Roper, received 200 lashes and this was only brought to an end when the master's wife pleaded for his life to be spared.  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASwhipping.html 

USA History: Civil Rights 1860-1980 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivilrights.htm

.

     In 1838, at the age of twenty, Frederick Douglass escaped slavery and settled in the North. He quickly became involved in the campaign against slavery, known as the abolitionist movement. Seven years later in 1845, he published the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, in which he told the story of his life under slavery. His moving account of slavery and his eventual escape lent a certain authenticity to Douglass' speeches and writings against institutionalized slavery that white abolitionists did not have.  His use of vivid language in depicting violence against slaves, his psychological insights into the power dynamics between slaves and slaveholders, and his naming of specific persons and places made his book a powerful indictment against a society (both in the North and South of the United States) that continued to condone slavery as a viable social and economic institution.  http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-frederickdouglass/intro.html  

Frederick Douglass (1817?-1895),  one of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement, which fought to end slavery within the United States in the decades prior to the Civil War.  In 1847 he began publishing an antislavery paper called the North Star. Douglass served as an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks. Douglass provided a powerful voice for human rights during this period of American history and is still revered today for his contributions against racial injustice.   http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html

.

 .

.

The Slave Ship:  Many have written and argued that Slavery was a Sin of the South. I would argue most strongly that Slavery was NOT a Sin of the South; It was the Sin of a Nation. Placing the Sin of Slavery onto the doorstep of the confederacy is easy, and even comforting, but unfortunately is not the complete picture. The simple picture of Slavery as a Southern Sin does not reflect the much broader participation, exploitation and profit in Slavery as an Enterprise. Here, for your perusal and research, we present an original 1860 news account of a captured Slave Ship. The Slave Ship was owned by a New York Slave Trader, It was full of Native African Men, Women, and Children, and it was delivering the Cargo to be sold in the South.  My hope, and even my belief is, that few today could look at these images, and read the accompanying story without being appalled, repulsed, and even outraged…http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/slave-ship.htm  

.

Facts about SlaveryThomas Jefferson, of Virginia, urged in the Declaration of Independence that the slave trade be forbidden. John Adams, of Massachusetts, urged that the clause be omitted.

________________________________

The statute of establishing perpetual slavery was adopted by Massachusetts, December, 1641. Massachusetts Historical Collections, VIII., p.231

________________________________

No Southern man ever owned a slave ship. No Southern man ever commanded a slave ship. No Southern man ever went to Africa for slaves.

http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/misc.htm    

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

More Facts about Slavery:        The slave ship Desire sailed from Marblehead, Massachusetts, and was the first to sail from any English colony in America to capture Africans.

       The first State to legislate in favor of the slave trade was Massachusetts.

       The first State to urge a fugitive slave law was Massachusetts. Moore's History of Slavery

       The last state to legislate against the slave trade was Massachusetts. (The British Encyclopedia says New Jersey)

       The last slave ship to sail from the United States was the Nightingale from Massachusetts in 1861. She secured a cargo of 900 Africans, and was captured by the Saratoga under Captain Guthrie, April 21, 1861, after Fort Sumpter had been fired on. There is no record that any punishment followed this violation of the law.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/misc2.htm

.

.

 

  Mankato, Minnesota, Dec. 16, 1862

303 Indian males were set to be hanged What brought about the hanging of 38 Sioux Indians in Minnesota December 26, 1862 was the failure "again" of the U.S. Government to honor it's treaties with Indian Nations. Indians were not given the money or food set forth to them for signing a treaty to turn over more than a million acres of their land and be forced to live on a reservation.

Indian agents keep the treaty money and food that was to go to the Indians, the food was sold to White settlers, food that was given to the Indians was spoiled and not fit for a dog to eat. Indian hunting parties went off the reservation land looking for food to feed their families, one hunting group took eggs from a White settlers land and the rest is history. Information below tells how President Lincoln and Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey set out to exterminate Indians from their home land.

Authorities in Minnesota asked President Lincoln to order the immediate execution of all 303  Indian males found guilty. Lincoln was concerned with how this would play with the Europeans, whom he was afraid were about to enter the war on the side of the South. He offered the following compromise to the politicians of Minnesota: They would pare the list of those to be hung down to 39. In return, Lincoln promised to kill or remove every Indian from the state and provide Minnesota with 2 million dollars in federal funds. Remember, he only owed the Sioux 1.4 million for the land.   http://www.unitednativeamerica.com/hanging.html

12/27/09 - Indian tribes buy back thousands of acres of land. - No one knows how much land the federal government promised Native American tribes in treaties dating to the late 1700s, said Gary Garrison, a spokesman for the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs. The government changed the terms of the treaties over the centuries to make property available to settlers and give rights-of-way to railroads and telegraph companies. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091227/ap_on_re_us/us_buying_back_america

  http://georgehigh.com/../../../images/abe-lincoln-banner.jpg Welcome to the Real Abraham Lincoln: Contained throughout this site is a collection of quotes from the United States 16th President, Abraham Lincoln. These quote have been divided as best we could, into topical categories, with little to no commentary added as they adequately stand alone in their meaning.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/ 

.

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 16th president of the United States (1861-1865) and he became a legend and a folk hero after his death. Lincoln on Slavery & Emancipation  Abraham Lincoln  Speech-  to Charleston, Illinois, 1858.  I am not now, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social or political equality of the white and black races. I am not now nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor of intermarriages with white people. There is a physical difference between the white and the black races which will forever forbid the two races living together on social or political equality. There must be a position of superior and inferior, and I am in favor of assigning the superior position to the white man.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/race.htm

Lincoln in speeches at Peoria, Illinois:  When Southern people tell us that they are no more responsible for the origin of slavery than we are, I acknowledge the fact… My first impulse would possibly be to free all slaves and send them to Liberia to their own native land. But a moment's reflection would convince me that this would not be best for them…What then? Free them all and keep them among us as underlings. Is it quite certain that this would alter their conditions? Free them and make them politically and socially our equals? My own feelings will not admit of this, and if mine would, we well know that those of the great mass of whites will not. We cannot make them our equals. A system of gradual emancipation might well be adopted, and I will not undertake to judge our Southern friends for tardiness in this matter. http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery.htm 

.

Do the people of the South really entertain fear that a Republican administration would directly or indirectly interfere with their slaves, or with them about their slaves? If they do, I wish to assure you as once a friend, and still, I hope, not an enemy , that there is no cause for such fears. The South would be in no more danger in this respect than it was in the days of Washington.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery3.htm

.

Letter from Lincoln to A.H. Stephens…Public and Private Letters of Alexander Stephens, My paramount object, is to save the Union, and not either destroy or save slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing the slaves, I would do it. If I could save the Union by freeing some and leaving others in slavery, I would do it. If I could save it by freeing all, I would do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because it helps save the Union.  http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery3.htm 

.

Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address I have no purpose directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. I acknowledge the constitutional rights of the States - not grudgingly, but fairly and fully, and I will give them any legislation for reclaiming their fugitive slaves. The point the Republican party wanted to stress was to oppose making slave States out of the newly acquired territory, not abolishing slavery as it then existed. http://www.pointsouth.com/lincoln/slavery2.htm .

.

   “... the right of a state to secede from the Union [has been] settled forever by the highest tribunal – arms – that man can resort to.” Ulysses S. Grant'. (1862)  “If I thought this war was to abolish slavery, I would resign my commission and offer my sword to the other side.” Ulysses S. Grant. (Grant's family owned slaves during the war)  http://www.users.waitrose.com/~robinphillips/FF%20vs.%20AL.htm

.

.

   Interior view of a slave pen, showing the doors of cells where the slaves were held before being sold. Slave pen, Alexandria, Va. Photographed between 1861 and 1865, printed later.  http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/slavery/ig/Slavery-Photographs-and-Images/Slave-Pen.htm

.

     Harriet Tubman was born a slave in Dorchester County, Maryland in about 1820. In 1848 Tubman decided to try and escape from her plantation. Her husband, John Tubman, refused to go with her as he believed it was too dangerous. Her two bothers accompanied her but later they became frightened and decided to return to the plantation. Tubman made her way north by the Underground Railroad  . Later, Tubman returned to rescue the rest of the family. This was the first of 19 secret trips she made to the South, during which she guided more than 300 slaves to freedom. Tubman's activities became so notorious that plantation owners   offered a $40,000 reward for her capture.  During the American Civil War   Tubman worked as a nurse, scout and an intelligence agent for the Union Army. Tubman's former activities as a conductor on the Underground Railroad  made her especially useful as a scout during the conflict. With the help of Sarah Bradford, she wrote her autobiography, Harriet Tubman, the Moses of Her People  , (1869). With the royalties from the book and a small pension from the United States Army   she purchased a house in Auburn, New York and turned it into a home for the aged and needy.       

    Tubman (far left), with Davis (seated, with cane), their adopted daughter Gertie (beside Tubman), Lee Cheney, John "Pop" Alexander, Walter Green, Blind "Aunty" Sarah Parker, and great-niece, Dora Stewart at Tubman's home in Auburn, New York   circa 1887. Harriet Tubman died on 10th March, 1913. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAStubman.htm 

.

    Jefferson Davis  (born June 3, 1808, Christian county, Ky., U.S. — died Dec. 6, 1889, New Orleans, La.) U.S. political leader, president of the Confederate States of America   (1861 – 65). He graduated from West Point and served as a lieutenant in the Wisconsin Territory and later in the Black Hawk War. In 1835 he became a planter in Mississippi. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1845 – 46), he resigned to serve in the Mexican War  , in which he distinguished himself at the Battle of Buena Vista  . A national hero, he served in the U.S. Senate (1847 – 51) and as Pres. Franklin Pierce 's secretary of war (1853 – 57). He returned to the Senate in 1857, where he advocated states' rights   but tried to discourage secession. After Mississippi seceded in 1861, he resigned and was chosen president of the Confederacy. He conducted the South's war effort despite shortages of manpower, supplies, and money and opposition from radicals within his administration. After Gen. Robert E. Lee   surrendered without Davis's approval in April 1865, Davis fled Richmond, Va., the Confederate capital, hoping to continue the fight until he could secure better terms from the North. Captured and indicted for treason, he was never tried. After two years imprisonment, he was released in poor health in 1867. He retired to Mississippi. His citizenship was restored posthumously in 1978.  http://www.answers.com/topic/jefferson-davis  

Trent Lott's "Uptown Klan"... In 1978, after his election to the US House, Lott led a successful campaign to have the US citizenship of Jefferson Davis restored. Davis lost his citizenship when he became president of the Confederate States of America when southern states were in open revolt against the US government. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/208 

.

  Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883)  In his Cornerstone speech, delivered in March 1861, right when the South was in the process of seceding, Stephens said that the American Revolution had been based on a premise that was "fundamentally wrong." What was that premise? "The assumption of the equality of the races." Stephens insisted that, by contrast, "Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea. "The cornerstone of the confederacy rest upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man, that slavery, subornation to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition." This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great and moral truth." Alexander Hamilton Stephens, Georgia, vice president of the Confederacy   http://www.csawardept.com/history/Cabinet/Stephens/index.html   

.

.

    Sojourner Truth… (Name at birth: Isabella Baumfree):  Born 1797, Hurley, N.Y. Died 26 Nov. 1883  Truth began life as a slave and ended it as a celebrated anti-slavery activist. She was born in New York and was sold several times before escaping to freedom with an infant daughter in 1827. She worked as a housekeeper, lived in a religious commune, and eventually became a travelling speaker and preacher. Although she could not read or write, Truth was a captivating speaker: she reportedly stood nearly six feet tall and was a spirited evangelist who spoke out for women's rights and against slavery. Prompted by religious feelings, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843. Her memoir The Narrative of Sojourner Truth (as told to author Olive Gilbert) was published in 1850 and helped establish her in the public mind. The next year, at a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio, she gave her famous speech, "Ain't I A Woman," a short but stirring challenge to the notion that men were superior to women. During the Civil War she worked to support black Union soldiers, and after the war she continued to travel and preach on spiritual topics and as an advocate for the rights of blacks and women.  http://www.answers.com/topic/sojourner-truth

  John Brown was a man of action - - a man who would not be deterredfrom his mission of abolishing slavery. On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men had been killed or captured. Brown was wounded and quickly captured, and moved to Charlestown, Virginia, where he was tried and convicted of treason, Before hearing his sentence, Brown was allowed make an address to the court. 

. . I believe to have interfered as I have done, . . . in behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right. Now, if it be deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit: so let it be done."... John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859.   http://afroamhistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=afroamhistory&cdn=education&tm=51&gps=58_412_1020_617&f=00&tt=14&bt=1&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html

June 12, 2009  Rewriting John Brown's story 150 years later

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31331809/from/ET/

.

The Emancipation Proclamation, announced on September 22 and put in effect January 1, 1863, freed slaves in territories not under Union control.

AN OVERVIEW OF JOHN WILKES BOOTH'S ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN    http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln75.html <http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln75.html> 

.

  After the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan in 1867 the number of lynching of African American increased dramatically. The main objective of the KKK was to maintain white supremacy in the South, which they felt was under threat after their defeat in the Civil War. It has been estimated that between 1880 and 1920, an average of two African Americans a week were lynched in the United States.

.

  James Weldon Johnson named the summer of 1919 the "Red Summer" for the rash of deadly riots which erupted in more than twenty-five American cities between April and October of that year. Racial tensions were at an extreme in Omaha that summer; the influx of African Americans from the South and a perceived epidemic of crime created an atmosphere of mistrust and fear that led to the lynching of William Brown. 

Brown had been accused of molesting a white girl. When police arrested him on September 28, a mob quickly formed which ignored orders from authorities that they disperse. When Mayor Edward P. Smith appeared to plead for calm, he was kidnapped by the mob, hung to a trolley pole, and nearly killed before police were able to cut him down.

The rampaging mob set the courthouse prison on fire and seized Brown. He was hung from a lamppost, mutilated, and his body riddled with bullets, then burned. Four other people were killed and fifty wounded before troops were able to restore order.

This photograph was acquired from a Lincoln, Nebraska, man whose grandfather purchased it for two dollars as a souvenir while visiting Omaha in 1919.  http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/pics_80.html  

.

*****************************************************************

Louisiana Lynchings, 1878-1946 This list is approximately complete within the dates given; but it probably misses some incidents  http://academic.evergreen.edu/p/pfeiferm/Louisiana.html  

.

Lynching Victims in America from 1882 - 1968  http://i-found-it.net/uslynchingvictims.html <http://i-found-it.net/uslynchingvictims.html> 

.

http://georgehigh.com/Disfranchised/Civil%20War%20amendments.pdf   Civil War amendments to the U.S. Constitution

.

       Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our nation's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy. She was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1862 and died in Chicago, Illinois 1931 at the age of sixty-nine.   In 1894, Ida B. Wells published A Red Record: She Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States, 1892-1894. This 100 page book expanded on her earlier research and documented the history of lynching since the Emancipation Proclamation. Wells tabulated the number of lynching reported in the Chicago Tribunal and tallied the various charges given. Her findings documented the alarming high occurrence of lynching and the rather ridiculous charges filed against black men. For example, she found that in 1894 "197 persons were put to death by mobs who gave the victims no opportunity to make a lawful defense". Furthermore, she found that over two-thirds of lynching were for incredibly petty crimes such as stealing hogs and quarreling with neighbors.  http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/idabwells.html  .

.

   Congressman Leonidas Dyer of Missouri first introduced his Anti-Lynching Bill--known as the Dyer Bill--into Congress in 1918. The NAACP supported the passage of this bill from 1919 onward; they had not done so initially, arguing that the bill was unconstitutional based on the recommendations of  Moorfield Storey, a lawyer and the first president of the NAACP. Storey revised his position in 1918 and from 1919 onward the NAACP supported Dyer's anti-lynching legislation. The Dyer Bill was passed by the House of Representatives on the 26th of January 1922, and was given a favorable report by the Senate Committee assigned to report on it in July 1922, but its passage was halted by a filibuster in the Senate. Efforts to pass similar legislation were not taken up again until the 1930s with the Costigan-Wagner Bill. The Dyer Bill influenced the text of anti-lynching legislation promoted by the NAACP into the 1950s, including the Costigan-Wagner Bill.  http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/lynch/doc1.htm   

  May 16, 1916, Robinson, Texas. Charred corpse of Jesse Washington suspended from utility pole  http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/pics_22.html   The Lynching of Jesse Washington and the Rise of the NAACP...The NAACP also fought a long campaign against lynching. In 1919 it published Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States: 1889-1918. The NAACP also paid for large adverts in major newspapers presenting the facts about lynching. To show that the members of the organization would not be intimidated, it held its 1920 annual conference in Atlanta, considered at the time to be one of the most active Ku Klux Klan areas in America. http://www.patriciabernstein.com/  

.

     Mary B. Talbert, (1866–1923)… She helped to plant the seeds for the NAACP. Frederick Douglass and W.E.B DuBois sat at her dining room table. She fought for women's rights a half-century before Betty Friedan untied her apron strings. She railed against colonialism in Africa, had an audience with the queen of England and pressured Woodrow Wilson to sign a federal anti-lynching law (he didn't). She blasted segregation 50 years before Jim Crow came tumbling down. She was the first woman to get a doctorate from the University of Buffalo. She was a preservationist who saved Douglass' home in Washington, D.C.  Some experts put her up with Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth as a civil rights activist.   http://www.buffaloah.com/h/tal/tal2.html   

.

The NAACP hoped that the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 would bring an end to lynching. Two African American campaigners against lynching, Mary McLeod Bethune and Walter Francis White, had been actively involved in helping Roosevelt to obtain victory. The president's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, had also been a long-time opponent of lynching.  http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USArooseveltF.htm

.

.

        Mary McLeod Bethune (Educator) 1875-1955…The daughter of former slaves, and one of the most widely known African American women of the twentieth century, Mary McLeod Bethune was an educator, political advisor, and civil rights leader. After graduation from the Scotia Seminary in 1895, she taught at the Haines Institute in Augusta, Georgia, then at Kendall Institute in Sumter, South Carolina, where she met and later married Albertus Bethune. In October 1904, Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls in a small rented cabin, and continued to develop the school over the next two decades. When white hospitals denied service to black patients and training for black residents and nurses, Bethune founded McLeod Hospital to serve the community and to provide training for black physicians and nurses. By 1922, the school had over 300 students and a staff of 25, later becoming the Bethune-Cookman College. As well as working for education, Bethune founded the Circle of Negro War Relief in New York City during World War I, was vice president of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and served as president for two terms in the National Association of Colored Women  , advising the Coolidge and Hoover administrations on African American issues. In 1935, Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women    and served as president until 1949. She retired from public life on her seventy-fifth birthday in 1950, settling in her home on the campus of Bethune-Cookman College, and over the next five years received 12 honorary degrees.  http://www.africanamericans.com/MaryMcLeodBethune.htm

Mary McLeon Bethume From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune

.

   Hitler's Forgotten Victims reveals that sterilisation programmes for Blacks had been instigated by Germany's most senior Nazi geneticist, Doctor Eugen Fischer, who developed his racial theories in German South-West Africa (now Namibia) long before the First World War. It was in this colonial context that Fischer identified what he considered genetic dangers arising from race-mixing between German colonists and African women. The documentary also provides disturbing photographic evidence of German genocidal tendencies in Africa, which began with the Heroro massacre. In 1904, the Heroro tribe of German South-West Africa revolted against their colonial masters in a quest to keep their land; the rebellion lasted four years, leading to the death of 60,000 Heroro tribespeople (80% of their population). The survivors were imprisoned in concentration camps or used as human guinea pigs for medical experiments, a policy that was a foretaste of things to come for German Blacks and the Jewish community   http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/61/201.html  

Growing Up Black in Nazi Germany The Remarkable Life of Hans Massaquoi  http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0003/black_nazi.html    

Black German Holocaust Victims - So much of history is lost to us because we often don't write the history books, film the documentaries, nor pass the accounts down from generation to generation. One documentary now touring the film festival circuit, telling us to 'Always Remember' is 'Black Survivors of the Holocaust' (1997). Outside the U.S., the film is entitled 'Hitler's Forgotten Victims' (Afro-Wisdom Productions) . It codifies another dimension to the 'Never Forget ' Holocaust story--our dimension. Did you know that in the 1920's, there were 24,000 Blacks living in Germany? Neither did I. Here's how it happened, and how many of them were eventually caught unawares by the events of the Holocaust. Like most West European nations, Germany established colonies in Africa in the late 1800's in what later became Togo, Cameroon, Namibia, and Tanzania. German genetic experiments began there, most notably involving prisoners taken from the 1904 Heroro Massacre that left 60,000 Africans dead, following a 4-year revolt against German colonization. After the shellacking Germany received in World War I, it was stripped of its African colonies in 1918.  http://www.streamsofjustice.org/2008/06/black-german-holocaust-victims.html       

   Richard B. Russell Jr.  served in public office for fifty years as a state legislator , governor of Georgia, and U.S. senator. Russell was best known for his efforts to strengthen the national defense and to oppose Civil Rights legislation. Russell  began contesting civil rights legislation as early as 1935,when an anti lynching bill was introduced in Congress. By 1938 he led the Southern Bloc in resisting such federal legislation based on the unconstitutionality of its provisions. The Southern Bloc argued that these provisions were infringements on states' rights. By continually blocking passage of a cloture rule in the Senate, Russell preserved unlimited debate as a method for halting or weakening civil rights legislation. Over the next three decades, through filibuster and Russell's command of the Senate's parliamentary rules and precedents, the Southern Bloc stymied all civil rights legislation.

.

  In 1935 attempts were made to persuade Franklin D. Roosevelt   to support a Anti-Lynching   bill that had been introduced into Congress. However, Roosevelt refused to speak out in favour of the bill that would punish sheriffs who failed to protect their prisoners from lynch mobs. He argued that the white voters in the South would never forgive him if he supported the bill and he would therefore lose the next election...

  

.

 .

  Walter White (1893-1955)  A native of Atlanta  , Walter White served as chief secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People   (NAACP) from 1929 to 1955. During the twenty-five years preceding the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, White was one of the most prominent African American figures and spokespeople in the country. Upon his death in 1955, the New York Times eulogized him as "the nearest approach to a national leader of American Negroes since Booker T. Washington...  http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-747

.

************************************************************

  Some of the Tuskegee Study Group clinicians. Dr. Reginald D. James (third to right), a black physician involved with public health work in Macon County , was not directly involved in the study. Nurse Rivers is on the left.

      The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment:   For forty years between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis. These men, for the most part illiterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama, were never told what disease they were suffering from or of its seriousness. Informed that they were being treated for “bad blood,” their doctors had no intention of curing them of syphilis at all.

The data for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the men, and they were thus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of tertiary syphilis—which can include tumors, heart disease, paralysis, blindness, insanity, and death. “As I see it,” one of the doctors involved explained, “we have no further interest in these patients until they die.” 

When the experiment was brought to the attention of the media in 1972, news anchor Harry Reasoner described it as an experiment that “used human beings as laboratory animals in a long and inefficient study of how long it takes syphilis to kill someone.” 

  Charlie Pollard survivor   Herman Shaw, survivor Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study  

By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis. How had these men been induced to endure a fatal disease in the name of science?  http://www.tuskegee.edu/Global/Story.asp?s=1207586  

.

.

    Jim Jones - The Jonestown Massacre:  On November 18, 1978,  Anticipating the end of his ministry and certain arrest, Jim Jones then ordered the "state of emergency" he had so long anticipated. This carefully rehearsed mass suicide (912) now finally took place. Everyone, except the very few that escaped into the surrounding jungle, either committed suicide or was murdered. More than 280 children were killed. Jim Jones body was found at Jonestown, fatally wounded by a gunshot to the head. Though racially diverse, most of Jones followers were African Americans. http://www.culteducation.com/jonestown. 

              Lynetta Jones...Jim's Mother       Short film of Jim Jones…information revealed that Jones abused his members. He would physically beat his followers, and force both men and women to have sex with him. Members gave him their life savings and even signed their social security checks over to him. http://www.encyclomedia.com/the_peoples_temple.html                                                                                                        

Jim Jones: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the Peoples Temple leader http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jones    

  Jack Anderson:    On September 27, 1980, a column by respected investigative reporter Jack Anderson was published under the title "CIA Involved In Jonestown Massacre."

This was the first allegation of CIA involvement in the Jonestown incident. According to Anderson, both Richard Dwyer and Jim Jones had ties to the CIA, with Dwyer's ties dating to at least 1959; when quizzed directly about this alleged CIA involvement, Dwyer responded "no comment."

At one point on the sound-recording made during the mass suicide, Jones' own voice commands, "Take Dwyer on down to the east house" and a short time later, Jones says "Get Dwyer out of here before something happens to him." This is considered by some to be evidence that Richard Dwyer, a U.S. embassy official, was really a CIA operative.  http://www.spirituallysmart.com/jonestown.html  http://www.spirituallysmart.com/jonestown.html  

Time to declassify?  Over the years, there have been rumors of CIA involvement. Some people believe CIA agents were posing as members of the Peoples Temple cult to gather information; others suggest the agency was conducting a mind-control experiment.

In 1980, the House Select Committee on Intelligence determined that the CIA had no advance knowledge of the mass murder-suicide. The year before, the House Foreign Affairs Committee had concluded that cult leader Jim Jones "suffered extreme paranoia."

The committee -- now known as international relations -- released a 782-page report, but kept more than 5,000 other pages secret. Without those documents, it's hard to confirm or refute the speculations that have sprung up around Jonestown, said Melton, who planned to be in Washington Wednesday to ask for the documents' release.

George Berdes, chief consultant to the committee at the time of the investigation, told the San Francisco Chronicle the papers were classified to assure sources' confidentiality, but he thinks it is time to declassify them. .  http://www.rickross.com/groups/jonestown.html  

.

********************************************************************************

Fire In A Canebrake: (Monroe Lynching) The Last Mass Lynching in America…By Laura  Waxler    http://www.laurawexler.com/html/photos.html http://www.laurawexler.com/html/photos.html   

.

  Ex-Georgia Governor,  Eugene Talmadge Was Suspected in 1946 Lynchings: June 16, 2007    Eventually, the FBI identified 55 possible suspects, including George Hester, but no one was ever arrested. After a federal grand jury in December 1946 could not identify any members of the mob, the FBI retreated from the case.    http://www.theledger.com/article/20070616/NEWS/706160433/-1/LIFE0201  

FBI, GBI To Discuss Monroe Lynching: March 28, 2009

Moore's Ford Lynching Considered Last Mass Lynching In U.S. http://www.cbsatlanta.com/news/19034952/detail.html  

.

.

.

  The lynching of James Clark, handcuffed. July 11, 1926, Eau Gallie, Florida.

 "July 8, 1926. Rocky Water Camp Fla." Local newspapers reported that the chief of police and the sheriff were overtaken by a mob while transporting James Clark to trial in Titusville. It was the third lynching of a black man in that region in two months.  http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/pics_52.html  

. 

.csmonitor.com/2007/0209/p02s02-ussc.html   Anti-immigrant sentiments fuel Ku Klux Klan resurgence

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19333322/from/ET/  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19333322/from/ET/   House passes bill to reopen civil rights murders 6/20/07

Senate OKs bill to probe civil rights murders: 9/24/08

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26877136/from/ET/  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26877136/from/ET/  

.

  11/02/09   High court declines 'Mississippi Burning' case - - The Supreme Court leaves in place a ruling that allowed prosecutors to charge a reputed Ku Klux Klansman with kidnapping decades after two black men were abducted and killed in Mississippi. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33586894/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/from/ET

June 12, 2009  A Ku Klux Klansman convicted two years ago for a 1964 kidnapping of two black men asked the U.S. Supreme Court to decide if the statute of limitations had expired before he was charged.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31333235/from/ET/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31333235/from/ET/  

   6/5/09  Court reinstates Klansman's conviction:   A federal appeals court upheld the kidnapping convictions for a former Ku Klux Klansman in the 1964 abductions of two black teenagers who were later killed. The conviction had been overturned last year.  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31130247/from/ET/ 

.

   August 25, 2007 James Ford Seale, a reputed Ku Klux Klansman, was sentenced Friday to three life terms in prison for his role in the 1964 abduction and murder of two black teenagers in southwest Mississippi. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20424056/from/ET/     

.

FBI Director Robert S. Mueller… The initiative was launched on the heels of several successful prosecutions of civil rights-era cases, most recently the 2007 conviction of James Ford Seale    for kidnapping two African-American teenagers, who were subsequently killed, in Mississippi in 1964.  The case of James Ford Seale was revived in 2005 after a documentary filmmaker probed the case, prompting the FBI’s Jackson, Mississippi office to reexamine old records. The FBI enlisted the aid of special agents who worked the original 1964 case. Working with the local U.S. Attorney’s Office, they gathered enough evidence to present to a grand jury, which issued an indictment in January 2007.    http://www.fbi.gov/page2/feb09/coldcases022609.html  

.

  September 11, 2008  'KKK' convict James Ford Seale cleared after 43-year trial delay:  A federal appeals court overturned Seale's conviction on Tuesday because the 1972 law that abolished the death penalty for kidnapping also set a five-year time limit for prosecutions. “The more than 40-year delay clearly exceeded the limitations period,” Judge Harold R. DeMoss Jr wrote for the three-judge panel.  http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4727527.ece     

 http://georgehigh.com/Disfranchised/kkk.pdf    Brief History of the Ku Klux Klan; Focusing on Their Use of the Flag: by Jeffrey Todd McCormack

http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/ http://www.withoutsanctuary.org/    Searching through America's past for the last 25 years, collector James Allen uncovered an extraordinary visual legacy: photographs and postcards taken as souvenirs at lynchings throughout America. With essays by Hilton Als, Leon Litwack, Congressman John Lewis and James Allen, these photographs have been published as a book "Without Sanctuary" by Twin Palms Publishers .

.

****************************************************************************